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More Oriental Rug Notes by Barry O'Connell

Turkish Kilim/Kilem by Barry O'Connell

Afyon Kilims

Afyon in Turkish word for opium and Afyon has been a major producer of opium for ages. Afyon is a inland province in western Turkey. It is a mountainous region half way between Konya and Bursa. The capitol is now called Afyonkarahisar but was Afyon for many years. The Kilim are made in the rural part of the district.
18th C. Afyon Turkish Kilim Rippon-Boswell lot 17
Afyon Kilim Anatolia 18th century
A West Anatolian Afyon Kelim
Afyon/Dazkiri Kilim Late 19th century

Aksaray Kilims

Aksaray is a Province a district and the capital city of each. There are 7 districts including: Agaçören, Aksaray, Eskil, Gülagaç, Güzelyurt, Ortaköy, and Sariyahsi.

Aksaray Kilims the O'Connell Guide

Cappadocia Turkish Kilim 18th or earlier C.

Cappadocia Kilims

Cappadocia is a old region that is now divided between Aksaray, Nevsehir, Nigde, Kayseri and Kirsehir. It was the eastern area of the Karaman Turkmen. Besides its rugs it is noted for towns with the homes burrowed into volcanic rock.
Turkish Rugs: 18th C. or earlier Kappadocian Turkish Kilim lot 99
Turkish Rugs: Kappadokia Kilim 18th c. lot 34
Turkish Rugs: 18th C. Kappadocian Kilim lot 91
The Greeks of Cappodocia

Erzerum

Erzerum was was a majority Armenian city in 1829 when the Armenian population caused the small Turkish garrison to surrender to Russian General Paskevitch. Many of the Erzerum Armenians relocated to present day Armenia which was also captured by General Paskevitch in 1828.
Erzerum Prayer Kilim North Anatolia 2 H 19th C

Hotamis Kelims

Hotamis is a agricultural center on the Konya plain in the Province of Konya Turkey. Hotamis is about 12 kilometers southeast of Karapinar by road. The Hotamis marshes are one of the most important breeding grounds for birds in Turkey.
Hotamis Kilim Central Anatolia, circa 1850
Turkish Rugs: Hotamis Kelim Circa 1800
Turkish_Rugs_Hotamis_Kelim_Hali_53_Kailash_Ad
Konya Hotamis Kilim Central Anatolia_ca_1850
Turkish Rugs: Hotamis Konya Kelim 1st half 19th century
Kappadocian Kilim 18th C. Rippon-Boswell lot 91
Turkish Rugs: Hotamis kelim 3rd Q 19th century From Jim Allen
Rippon-Boswell Kappadokia Kilim 18th c. lot 34

Konya Kilims

Nigde Kelim 18th or 19th Century

Nigde Kilims

Bergama is the northern most district in the province of Izmir in the far west of Turkey. It was also known as Pergamos in ancient times

Akoren Kilim Konya Province

Akoren is a district in the Province of Konya due east of the city of Karapinar.
Akoren Kilim Konya Region

Aydinli

Turkish Rugs: Aydinli Kilim early 19th Century

Balikesir

Balikesir Turkey is a province in Western Turkey. The capitol is the city of the same name.
Balikesir Kelim West Anatolian C 1800

Fethiye

Fethiye is on the coast of Turkey across from the isle of Rhodes and 81 miles south east of Marmaris by road.
Fethiye Kelim Southwest Anatolian 2 H 19th C

Gaziantep

Gaziantep or Antep as it was known then passed from Mamluk Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1516 as a result of the battle of Marj Dabiq. It was a primarily Armenian and Syriac Christian area and in Ottoman times the governor was traditionally Syriac Christian. By the late 19th century the area became increasingly Turkish and Kurdish culminating in the massacres and the city changing its name to Gaziantep in 1922. Most residents today have no idea that the city was not historically Turkish.
Notes on Gaziantep
Gaziantep Kilim Southeast Anatolia last Quarter 19th C
Aleppo/Gaziantep Kilim Southeastern Anatolia 19th C

Karaman Kilim

Turkish Rugs: Karaman Kilim 1st half 19th c. from Bertram Frauenknecht

Konya

Karapinar

Kurdish

The Wertime East Anatolian weftless sumac Kurdish bag Circa 1860

Mamluk/Ottoman Post Mamluk

Court Kilim from the Ulu Mosque in Divrigi

Manastir Kilim

Also Beli Manastir and Pélmonostor; a town and market center in eastern Croatia on the border with Hungary just south of Mohacs, Hungary.
Turkish Rugs: Manastir Yastik Kilim
Turkish Rugs: Monastir Small Kilim from Cocoon of Istanbul

Malatya

In Flatwoven Rugs of the World pg 38 Valerie Justin suggests that many of the Malatya Kilims were woven by Armenians. Armenian kilim production tapered off drastically after their Turkish neighbors massacred the Armenians in 1895. Malatya is about 15 miles northeast of Karapinar. Malatya was an important city in Sulkadr which was a Mamluk Turkmen Border State which became the Ottoman province of Sulkadr.
Malatya Kilim East Anatolian 1 H 19th C

Mut

Mut is 46 miles south by southeast of Karaman. Mut is a District in Mersin Province of Turkey
Mut Kilim circa 1875
Turkish Rugs: Mut Kilim circa 1875

Nigde

Ottoman

Parmakli

Turkish Rugs: Parmakli kilim C. 1880 Nagel Lot 9

Cicim Flatweave Kilim Northwest Anatolia End 19th C

Turkish Rugs: A 19th C. East Anatolian Cicim,

A rare Anatolian Kilim 19th C. Nagel Lot 8

Turkish Rugs: Central Anatolian Kilim

Romanian

Siebenbürger Kilim, Romania, circa 1900

Sivas

Reyhanli Kelims/Kilims

Turkish Rugs: 18th Century Ottoman Silk embroidery on cotton

Notes on Ottomen Silk and Metal Thread Textiles

Notes on Flat Woven Turkish Yastiks

A Life Size Portrait of Sultan Murad III r1574-1595

Visit my Guide to Turkish Rugs & Carpets by Oriental Rug Notes by Barry O'Connell, SpongoBongo. com

Oriental Rugs the O'Connell Guide

Kahramanmaras Turkey

The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840; Croom Helm historical geography series; John Malcolm Wagstaff, Taylor & Francis, 1985

1399 Bayazid conquered Dulkadir which included Mamluk Malatya Elbistan and Maras

1435 Dulkadir lost Kayseri to the Karamanids

1464 Price Ibrahim of Karaman (Karamanoglu Ibrahim Bey)died in August of 1464 leaving his sons primarily Pir Ahmed and Ishak to contend for the throne. Pir Ahmed was a cousin to Mehmed II the Ottoman sultan since his mother Sultan Hatun was a sister to Murad II while Ishak was the son of a slave girl.

1465 The Pazuki Kurds allies of the Ak Koyunlu Turkmen seized the Mamluk fortress at Gerger and killed the Mamluk Governor. Gerger was on the eastern border of Dulkadir.

1465 Uzun Hasan Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu Turkmen attacked Dulkadir and ravaged the Dulkadir capital of Elbistan and occupied Harput.

1465 The Mamluks sent an ambassador to Istanbul to offer to unite with the Ottomen against the Ak Koyunlu but were rebuffed. Ishak Prince of Karaman a Mamluk suzerain approached the Ottomen and offered them the cities of Aksehir and Beysehir. The Ottomen demanded all the land up to the Carsambe river and a reestablishment of the border set under Bayazid I.

1466 The Ottomen Sanjakbegis of Anatalya and Afyon invaded Karaman and seized Konya adding it to the Ottoman empire. Aksehir and Beysehir and the border fortresses of Ilgin and Siklan became part of the Ottoman empire. Ishak Prince of Karaman fled to the protection of Uzun Hasan at Diyarbakir where he died shortly afterwards.

1466 Pir Ahmad became became Prince of Karaman and became an Ottoman vassal renouncing Karaman's historic Mamluk allegiance.

1467 Pir Ahmad despite his ties to the Ottomen sent ambassadors to both the Ak Koyunlu and the Mamluk as well as Venice and the Bishop (Pope) of Rome. He also stuck his own coins at Konya declaring himself Sultani Bul Fezail (Sultan of great merit).

1467 Ottoman Sultan Mehmed personally invaded seizing Konya driving Pir Ahmad south to Karaman.Grand Vezir Mehmed Pasha then drove the Turgud Turkmen all the way east to the Mamluk city of Tarsus. Mehmed having conquered Karamania set his son Prince Mustafa on the throne and retired to Istanbul.

1468 Dulkadir seized Kayseri from the Karamanids

1469 Pir Ahmad regrouped his forces and with the Varsak and the Turgud Turkmen and the Turkmen of Alanya drove Prince Mustafa back to Konya regaining Karaman, Eregli, Karapinar, Aksaray, Nigde, and Develi.

1470 Ottoman Sultan Mehmed sent Mehmed Pasha to regain Karamania. Mehmed Pasha ravaged Karaman and Eregli but suffered a terrible defeat when he chased the Varsak Turkmen into the Taurus mountains where Uyuz Beg the Varsak chieftain ambushed the Ottomen under Mehmed Pasha capturing the booty of Karamania and routing the Ottomen.

The Ottomen under Ishak Pasha regained almost all of Caramania and deported the citizens of Aksaray to Istanbul where they settled in the mahale (quarter which is still known as Aksaray. With this Caramania ceased to be an independent Principality. Pir Ahmad and most of his family fled to the protection of Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Bibliography:

Struggle for domination in the Middle East: the Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91, Volume 4 of The Ottoman Empire and its heritage, The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage : Politics, Society and Economy, Volume 4 of Philosophia Antiqua By Shai Har-El, Brill, 1995. ISBN 9004101802, 9789004101807

The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453-1474) Volume 24 of The Ottoman Empire and its heritage By Théoharis Stavrides, Brill, 2001

Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time; Volume 96 of Bollingen series: Franz Babinger, Ralph Manheim, William C. Hickman, Editor: William C. Hickman, Translated by Ralph Manheim, Publisher Princeton University Press, 1992

Persian Rugs